With so many fantastic benefits of olive oil, we often get confused by the different terminologies on the packaging such as extra virgin olive oil.
The attractiveness of extra virgin olive oil is it’s fresh, crisp, clean, fruity taste which leads the consumer needing to be familiar with this level of quality as the labeling may be misleading.
While in Australia the regulation of the terminology isn’t as stringent as Europe, there are certain voluntary guidelines that stipulate what constitutes extra-virgin olive oil. However it is up to the integrity of the producer as to whether their product meets the guidelines as it’s caveat emptor or buyer beware. This was highlighted by choice Magazine in June 2010 that found that half the olive oil’s on tests didn’t meet the International Olive Oil Council standard.
What constitutes Virgin Olive Oil
The main standard is based on the acidity level being less than 0.8 – 1% and other chemical and sensory/taste based criteria. This becomes extremely technical with minimum defect tolerances based on certain criteria from the International Olive Council (IOC).
The Attributes by the Internal Olive Council:
1.Fruity – Based on the freshness of the olives and is tested by scent
2.Bitter – Usual from unripe olives and is tested by taste by the furry feeling on the back of the tongue.
3.Pungent – Again from tasting and is felt in the back of the throat
4.Fusty – This is through taste and occurs when the olives are left unprocessed for a length of time and produce oleic acid and isoamyl alcohol formed from the commencement of the fermentation process.
5.Musty – This is the result of fungi that has developed from the fruit being stored in humid conditions for several days.
6.Muddy sediment – Again the flavor of oil that has been left in contact with the sediment in tanks and vats.
7.Winey-Vinegary – Like the taste of vinegar that forms due to the commencement of the fermentation process that produces acetic acid, ethyl acetate, and ethanol.
8.Rancid – This is from exposure to oxygen or UV light and produces, acids, alcohols and Fermenting tank sediments that can cause the muddy sediment effect
9.Heated or Burnt – caused by excessive and/or prolonged heating during processing.
The California Standards for Olive oil even go further and take a more scientific approach by breaking down even the Pomace levels and sterol composition.

The Australian Olive Oil Association which is similar to the Organic Certification bodies also has laboratory testing based and an Organoleptic Assessment by 3 people.
The chemical composition must meet the following:
• free fatty acid contents, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.8 grams per 100 grams
• a peroxide value less than 20 (mEq. peroxide oxygen per kg of oil)
• not exceed the following extinction coefficients for ultra-violet absorbency tests:
270 nm no greater than 0.22
ΔK no greater than 0.01
232 nm no greater than 2.5
• similar organoleptically testing to the International Olive Council (IOC) based on being fusty, muddy, musty, rancid or winey
There is a move for Food Standards Australia to adopt a standard for the labeling of olive oil which will cover definitions regarding the various terminologies used and information regarding use by dates and production dates to be inform the consumer.
Like wine or even coffee there are many variables that ultimately go to produce a high-quality product that leads to bitterness or sweetness and the different aromas which is no different to the production and processing of olive oil. While the green olives tend to the more bitter and peppery the black varieties are sweeter and moire fruity in flavour.
Ideally the olive should be pressed within 24 hours from being picked to stop deterioration and the fermentation process taking place. During the pressing process the olives should undergo a cold pressing process whereby the olives are not heated excessively.
Many oils on the market that are labeled light are usually highly refined and are heated which changes the chemical structure of the oil. These oils are usually bland with not much flavour, colour or taste and can lead to the consumer thinking they are light in fat.
At the worse end of the olive oil market is Pomice olive oil that users chemicals to extra the dredges of oil from the waste product from the initial pressing process.
Unfortunately until Food Standards Australia and New Zealand introduce labeling standards, it’s best to purchase your extra virgin olive oil from a reputable brand and avoid the cheap and nasty varieties on the market.