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When muscle cramping strikes during exercise, it can scupper even the best-laid workout plans. And post-exercise cramping is no less traumatic, especially when it strikes in the middle of the night. For all sportsmen and women therefore, minimising the risk of muscle cramps with high quality nutritional strategies makes extremely good sense.


What are muscle cramps?

A muscle cramp occurs when a muscle becomes forcibly and uncontrollably shortened and locked into a painful spasm.
A spasm occurs when a muscle, or even a few fibres of a muscle, contract involuntarily (ie without you consciously willing it). If the spasm is forceful and sustained, it becomes a cramp. This causes a visible or palpable hardening of the involved muscle. Muscle cramps can affect any skeletal muscles in the body, but are most common in muscles or muscle groups that span two joints.

The common sites in the body for muscle cramps include:

● The calf muscles of the lower leg (gastrocnemius);
● The hamstring muscles of the rear thigh;
● The quadriceps muscles of the frontal thigh.

Cramps can also affect the hands, tummy muscles (abdominals), the muscles around the rib cage, the feet and toes. Muscle cramps can last anywhere from a few seconds to (in severe cases) 15 minutes or longer. A muscle cramp in a particular location may also recur multiple times until it finally goes away. In severe cases, an episode of muscle cramping can even lead to post-cramping muscle soreness, akin to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).


What causes muscle cramps?

Despite being a very common condition that affects nearly everybody at sometime in their life, the exact causes of cramps remain something of a mystery (something that makes their prevention easier said than done, as we shall see later).
What we do know is that cramping occurs when the normal mechanisms controlling muscle contraction and relaxation become temporarily impaired.

These control mechanisms involve the electrical stimulation of muscle fibres (motor unit firing) and subsequent deactivation (relaxation). There are a number of physiological requirements for efficient muscle contraction and relaxation and if any one of these requirements is not met, muscle cramping becomes more likely.
These requirements include:

● Adequate hydration and levels of the electrolyte minerals (together they’re needed for motor unit firing and relaxation);
● Well-trained muscles that are supple and sufficiently conditioned for the exercise being undertaken (muscle cramps are much more likely to occur in muscles unused to vigorous training);
● Adequate rest and recovery as we know that muscles are much more likely to cramp when fatigued.

In addition to the above, genetics is known to play a role (some people are simply more prone to muscle cramping than others) as does age (muscles in the elderly are more prone to cramping than in younger people). Certain diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver are also associated with an increased incidence of muscle cramping, and the risk of cramps can also be increased by injury, where certain muscles may go into spasm in order to ‘brace’ and protect the injured area.

However, most authorities agree that ‘true cramps’ – those we normally associate with vigorous exercise, fatigue and dehydration/ electrolyte imbalances etc - are caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves that stimulate the muscles, which also explains why much attention on preventing cramps has been focused at minimising this excitability through optimum nutrition and conditioning protocols.


Who can get muscle cramps?

Anyone can experience muscle cramps, regardless of age, gender or fitness level. Cramps can occur not just while you exercise, but also while you sit, walk, or even just sleep.

Sometimes, the slightest movement that shortens a muscle can trigger a cramp. However, in otherwise healthy people, cramps are most common in endurance athletes such as marathon runners and triathletes, and those who perform strenuous physical activities without previous experience or lacking base conditioning. In short, the fitter and better trained you are for your event, the lower the risk of muscle cramps.

Cramps are most likely to strike toward the end of intense or prolonged exercise (for example, in the closing stages of a marathon), or around 4-6 hours later, indicating that muscular fatigue (especially unaccustomed fatigue) is a major factor. The obvious implication is that with improved fitness and conditioning, the risk of cramps can be significantly reduced. However, an important question to ask is what other strategies can reduce cramping risk and in particular, whether improved nutrition and hydration can help?


Reducing muscle cramping risk

Strategies involving stretching and relaxing muscles are proven ways to reduce cramping risk and help treat cramping when it occurs (more later). When it comes to improved nutritional strategies however, the scientific evidence is far from clear, mainly because there’s very little data from published studies.

One reason for the paucity of data is the sheer unpredictability of muscle cramps. Because it’s hard to predict when cramping will occur, it’s almost impossible to collect together a group of athletes to run tests before during and after cramping episodes. There are also ethical reasons: cramps are painful and debilitating and it would be hard to justify studies that deliberately induced severe cramping just to collect data!

To add to the confusion, the studies that have been conducted have often produced mixed results. For example, South African scientists studied 72 runners competing in an ultra-distance marathon and compared data from those who suffered exercise-induce cramps and those who didn’t(1). Although they found small variations in blood levels of post-exercise sodium and magnesium, they concluded that there were no clinically significant alterations in blood electrolyte concentrations and no alteration in hydration status in runners with ‘exercise associated muscle cramping’ (EAMC).

Despite the lack of unequivocal evidence, most scientific authorities agree that any nutritional cramp prevention strategy should aim to address three important areas:

1. Maintaining adequate hydration(2) – because all electrical signalling activity in the muscles takes place in an aqueous (water) environment and even small shortfalls in hydration levels could lead to impaired electrical signalling and an increased risk of cramping;
2. Ensuring adequate dietary intake of the electrolyte minerals(3) sodium and potassium because they’re involved in conducting electrical signals to/from muscles, and calcium and magnesium, which are essential for the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibres;
3. Replenishing energy in the form of carbohydrate – because even small drops in the level of stored muscle carbohydrate (glycogen – your body’s premium fuel for exercise) can lead to increased fatigue, which may in turn increase the risk of muscle cramps.


Dietary basics

Consuming sufficient fluid before, during and after training is vital, as is a high-carbohydrate diet containing plenty of foods such as breads, cereals, rice, corn, pasta, potatoes, beans, peas and lentil, and starchy fruits and vegetables such as yams, sweet potatoes, bananas, pears etc.

This type of unprocessed diet will contain plenty of potassium, and because many foods such as cereals, breads, cheese and other foods such as canned beans, tuna, sauces, pickles etc contain added salt (sodium), maintaining adequate sodium intake shouldn’t be a problem either.

The best dietary sources of calcium include milk, cheese and yoghurt, nuts and seeds, green leafy vegetables and canned fish with bones such as sardines. Magnesium is something of a forgotten mineral and one that is often sub-optimally supplied in western diets(4). Moreover, research suggests that sub-optimum intakes of magnesium can impair exercise performance more generally(5). Good sources of magnesium include unrefined wholegrain (not white) breads and cereals, while brown rice, all nuts and seeds (especially sesame seeds), beans peas and lentils (especially chick peas) and all green leafy vegetables are all excellent sources.


Using sports drinks

Dietary basics are essential, but depending on your sporting activity and environment, maintaining optimum hydration, electrolyte balance and muscle glycogen levels may require assistance in the form of purpose-designed sports drinks.

● In hot and humid conditions, sweat losses can be considerable – even when the duration and intensity of exercise are fairly modest. In such conditions, the main priority is fluid and electrolyte mineral replacement. Some
carbohydrate replacement is also advantageous, but its importance is secondary to fluid/electrolyte considerations; and isotonic fluid replacement drinks work well in these conditions.

● In cooler, less humid conditions and where the exercise duration is longer - leading to significant reductions in muscle glycogen (60-90 minutes) - carbohydrate replacement becomes more of an issue, although fluid and electrolyte replacement is still vital; a carbohydrate drink with added electrolytes is a good solution (no pun intended!).

As we’ve already stated, there’s no surefire way to guarantee that you won’t be affected by cramping, but by following the fluid/energy replacement guidelines above, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of fluid/electrolyte/carbohydrate depletion, which have been linked to increased muscle cramping risk by a number of scientific authorities(6). For example, in long duration activities such as distance running, researchers have established that a 6% mmol/litre carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink can help delay the onset of exercise induced muscle cramps, but not prevent them entirely(7). Similarly, a review article on hydration in elite tennis players competing in multiple rounds in hot and humid conditions concluded that fluid, electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement was a valuable nutritional strategy(8).


Calcium and magnesium research

When it comes to controlling muscle contraction and relaxation, calcium and magnesium are two important minerals, working synergistically to maintain normal electrical potential and to coordinate muscle contraction-relaxation responses in the muscles. In muscle cells, an increased calcium concentration triggers contraction of the muscle fibres while increased intracellular magnesium concentration counteracts this effect, resulting in relaxation. Because of their function in muscles, much research has been focused on the role of calcium/magnesium in muscle cramps.

Scientists have long recognised that in pregnant women, low magnesium status is associated with an increased incidence of muscle cramps, and that magnesium supplementation helps ameliorate this condition(9-11). Moreover, magnesium supplementation has been shown to help sufferers of ‘night cramps’, which involves nocturnal muscle cramping (normally in the legs)(12). There’s even been a suggestion that sub-optimum magnesium intake could be linked to more generalised muscle tension and tension headaches(13).

Despite these findings, the evidence that magnesium (or calcium) supplementation can reduce the risk of muscle cramping associated with exercise is patchy; some studies have reported altered blood magnesium concentrations in sufferers of exercise associated cramps(1), but the clinical significance of these findings is poorly understood.

Nevertheless, sub-optimum magnesium intakes are common in western diets and unfavourable for exercise performance. Given the solid evidence for magnesium supplementation as a therapy for other forms of cramps, those prone to cramping could do worse than to ensure their diets are well supplied in magnesium. Supplementation may also be worth considering, especially as magnesium supplements are cheap and non-toxic.


Stretching and cramps

One thing that nearly everybody agrees on is that a regular stretching program targeted at muscles prone to cramping can greatly reduce the incidence of exercise associated muscle cramps as well as stopping cramp once it’s started(14,15).
Passive stretches held for 15-30 seconds each seem to be effective; the mechanism is unclear but a regular program of stretching is known to lengthen muscle fibres, favourably altering spinal neural reflex activity. Regular massage may also be beneficial as it promotes general muscle relaxation and helps accelerate the disposal of exercise metabolites from muscles cells.





References

1. Br J Sports Med. 2004 Aug;38(4):488-92
2. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005 Dec;15(6):641-52
3. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Jul;37(7):1081-5
4. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 42(6): 533-63, 2002
5. J Nutr, 132(5): 930-5 2002
6. Clinics in Sports Med 14, 23-32, 1995
7. J Athletic Training 40, 71-75, 2005
8. J Sports Sci and Med 2006 5, 1-9
9. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol. 1982 Nov-Dec;186(6):335-7
10. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):175-80
11. Fortschr Med 1984 Sep 13;102(34):841-4
12. Med Sci Monit 2002 May;8(5):CR326-30
13. Med Hypotheses 2001 Dec;57(6):705-13
14. J Sports Sci 1997 Jun;15(3):277-85
15. Clin Sports Med 2008 Jan;27(1):183-94, ix-x



Article Contributed by:

Ultra Fit Magazine
www.ultrafit.com.au